In Focus: Digital Scholarship and Pedagogy
نویسنده
چکیده
ion of Knowledge. The tradition of modern scholarship—now some centuries old—has tended to favor the abstraction of knowledge from action in order to develop explicit rather than tacit knowledge. From the Renaissance onwards, knowledge (in books, libraries, and journals, that is, “objective” knowledge in Popper’s sense) was radically separated from knowing subjects. This unleashed the growth of knowledge that we call modernity. During that lengthy period, there have been many instances of such abstraction across the whole field of the economy, society, and culture. In the Industrial Revolution, for instance, “workers by brain” were abstracted from “workers by hand,” white collar from blue, art from artisans, design from fabrication, knowing from doing. Without abstraction and specialization, there could have been no exponential economic growth, no modernity. The medium through which abstracted knowledge was collected and communicated was, of course, print. Print was invented to serve the interests of religious and business activists in a still-feudal middle Europe. Its ability not only to abstract knowledge from the knowing subject but also to “broadcast” it around the globe made it the first mass medium, and emancipated it from the control of its inventors. It was at this point that it became an enabling social technology for the growth of knowledge in general. The unintended consequences of socially ubiquitous print literacy could emerge and grow. They were spectacular, including the development of all three of the most important realist textual systems of modernity—science, journalism, and the novel. The university library had evolved from the monastic scriptorium, but with print, it, too, could be “abstracted” from its institutional origins in the church. As a result, science was emancipated from both religiosity and the authority of ecclesiastical hierarchies (although this took time). Similarly, spare capacity on printing presses and the growth of a secular reading public allowed for the development of the newspaper, in which “dispatches” and “intelligences” about current affairs were “abstracted” from the secret dealings of courtiers and merchants and broadcast to the (reading) public at large. Meanwhile, the development of vernacular InFocus.qxp 12/14/08 10:54 AM Page 140
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